高级英语每课重点词汇讲解
[size=3][color=navy]每一个贴子就是一课的词汇讲解,这样,可以方便大家每天一个贴子一个贴子的学习哦!否则一下子都贴出来,给人感觉太多,压力大的喘不过气了![/color][/size][size=3]lesson 1[/size]
[size=3]embody
体现，使具体化。可接名词与名词性短语。
e.g. The heroic deeds of Leifeng embodied the glorious tradition of the PLA.
雷锋的英雄事迹体现了人民解放军的光荣传统。
reverence
n.? 尊敬，崇敬，敬畏。如:pay reverence to sb. 向某人致敬。
show reverence to 对…表示尊敬。
e.g. Everyone should show reverence to his motherland.
每一个人都应该尊敬他的祖国。
辨析:refuse / reject
二者都有拒绝的意思， 但reject拒绝计划或建议，语气较强硬. refuse多指拒绝邀请，语气委婉, 如:
reject a plan or proposal /bill
refuse an invitation
rather than
连词。更，较多，而不是。
注意: rather than是连词,前后两端所接的词在词性上应该一致，但前端为谓语动词或动词不定式时， 后端接动词原形。此外本词组连接两个主语时，谓语动词和第一个主语一致。
e.g. He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction.
他宁愿辞职也不参加这场虚伪的交易。
I，rather than you should do this work.
是我而不是你应该做这个工作。
in other words
固定搭配短语，意思为：换句话说, 也就是说。
e.g. In other words , he became a great hero.
换句话说， 他成了伟大的英雄。
act out
用行动或行为而不是用言语表达。
e.g. The film star acts out the hope of young generation successfully.
这位电影明星成功地用演技表达出年轻一代的愿望。
sprinkle
v.? 喷，洒，淋。
如：Sprinkle the floor with water.用水洒地。
e.g He sprinkled water on the flowers.
他将水洒在花上。
Jagger grabs a half?gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform, sprinkling its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners.(1)括号内为自然段序号，下同。
贾格尔抓起一个半加仑水罐沿舞台前沿边跑边把里面的水往前几排闷热难耐的听众身上洒。
在这个句子中‘contents’是指 the contents of the jug,即water;
“sweltering listeners”是指由于太热而大汗淋漓的听众。
Then came The Band, mixing the more traditional ideas of the country and western music into the more radical “city” ideas of the hard rock.(9)
以后又出现了乐队，把乡村音乐和西部音乐所表达的观念与硬石派较为激进的城市观念结合在一起。
这是一个倒装句, 主语是The Band, 谓语是came, “mixing...”是伴随状语，表示谓语动词的伴随动作。当一个句子没有宾语，而且主语较长时，可将谓语提前。该句的非倒装语序为：
Then The Band came, mixing...the hard rock.[/size] lesson 2
本课最重要的语言点是出现频率较多的否定前缀 ‘in’，‘ir’,‘un’.
这些否定前缀意思是 “not”, 放在形容词的前面，构成形容词的反义词。
e.g. insoluble : not soluble,无法解决的，难以解释的.
unprecedent: not precedent, 史无前例的.
undignified: not dignified, 不庄重的.
uninhabitable: not inhabitable, 无人居住的.
unsullied: not sullied, 未玷污的, 没弄脏的.
irrationality: no rationality , 不合理.
其余类似的否定前缀还有‘dis’, ‘im’,如: improper, disagree
contribute
贡献出, 起一份作用。词组: contribute to，这里to是介词，后面通常跟名词。
e.g. The exchange of goodwill missions contributes to a better understanding between the two countries.
互派友好代表团大大有助于两国的相互了解。
disappoint
失望。 词组: be disappointed in, 对某人某事感到失望。
be disappointed at hearing that, 听到……感到失望。
e.g. Brown was very disappointed in the result of the election。
布朗对选举的结果感到很失望。
satisfy
满足。常用词组： be satisfied with 对……感到满意。?
e.g.He is very satisfied with their current situation.
他对目前状况感到非常满意。
The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running things.
对此负责的应该是那些管理这个世界的成年人。
句中responsible 是后置定语，指的是the people who are responsible for this，用来修饰主语。
Who have been running things是定语从句修饰表语the adults。
presumably 作状语，意思为“大概”，“也许”。
My point is merely that the idealists who make the revolution are bound to be disappointed in either case.(13)
该句是主系表结构。My point is that是“我认为”的意思。who make the revolution为定语从句修饰the idealists。be bound to是固定词组，意思为“一定会，注定”。
e.g. These are bound to be controversial questions.
这些一定是会引起争论的问题。
come off
意思是take place， happen, 举行、发生。
e.g.Did your proposed trip to Rome ever come off?
你计划去罗马吗?后来实现了吗?
plot ?v.?密谋、策划。
e.g.He is plotting to kill the manager.
他正密谋杀死那个经理 lesson 2
本课最重要的语言点是出现频率较多的否定前缀 ‘in’，‘ir’,‘un’.
这些否定前缀意思是 “not”, 放在形容词的前面，构成形容词的反义词。
e.g. insoluble : not soluble,无法解决的，难以解释的.
unprecedent: not precedent, 史无前例的.
undignified: not dignified, 不庄重的.
uninhabitable: not inhabitable, 无人居住的.
unsullied: not sullied, 未玷污的, 没弄脏的.
irrationality: no rationality , 不合理.
其余类似的否定前缀还有‘dis’, ‘im’,如: improper, disagree
contribute
贡献出, 起一份作用。词组: contribute to，这里to是介词，后面通常跟名词。
e.g. The exchange of goodwill missions contributes to a better understanding between the two countries.
互派友好代表团大大有助于两国的相互了解。
disappoint
失望。 词组: be disappointed in, 对某人某事感到失望。
be disappointed at hearing that, 听到……感到失望。
e.g. Brown was very disappointed in the result of the election。
布朗对选举的结果感到很失望。
satisfy
满足。常用词组： be satisfied with 对……感到满意。?
e.g.He is very satisfied with their current situation.
他对目前状况感到非常满意。
The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running things.
对此负责的应该是那些管理这个世界的成年人。
句中responsible 是后置定语，指的是the people who are responsible for this，用来修饰主语。
Who have been running things是定语从句修饰表语the adults。
presumably 作状语，意思为“大概”，“也许”。
My point is merely that the idealists who make the revolution are bound to be disappointed in either case.(13)
该句是主系表结构。My point is that是“我认为”的意思。who make the revolution为定语从句修饰the idealists。be bound to是固定词组，意思为“一定会，注定”。
e.g. These are bound to be controversial questions.
这些一定是会引起争论的问题。
come off
意思是take place， happen, 举行、发生。
e.g.Did your proposed trip to Rome ever come off?
你计划去罗马吗?后来实现了吗?
plot ?v.?密谋、策划。
e.g.He is plotting to kill the manager.
他正密谋杀死那个经理 lesson 4
dodge躲闪，回避，逃避
e.g. He threw a chair at me ,but luckily I dodged.
他朝我扔过一把椅子，但幸运的是我躲过了。
考点辨析：evade, 也有躲避的意思，但更强调用心机和计划狡猾的手段，回避对自己不利的东西。
e.g. He evaded the question by talking about something else.
withhold
不给予，不发给，不肯做，另外还有“不投入，扣发”的意思。
e.g. He is withholding his approval until after next week's meeting.
他打算到下周的会议后才给予同意。
The company withholds part of its employees' earning for income taxes.
公司由于收入税的问题扣发了员工的部分收入。
注意辨析：prevent...from 制止，阻止
intrude
vi.侵入，闯入；打扰。intruder, ?n.?另外该词还有“强加，塞入”的意思。
e.g. ①I hope I'm not intruding.
我希望不致打扰。
②Do not intrude your opinions on others.
不要将你的观点强加于别人。
police
当名词用时意为复数名词“警察”，在本课该词为动词，意思为“to control as if usingpolice" 管理。
e.g. A new body has been set up to police the construction of the dam.
一个新的机构已经成立，用来管理水坝的建设。
Yet medical monstrosities that are hardly any better undoubtedly continue, almost as a matter of macabre routine, in America, Britain and many other countries.
然而，那些几乎不可能比安乐死更好的医疗中的可怕事件，作为一种可怕的例行事物，毫无疑问，在美国、英国以及其他许多国家继续存在。
这句话中，“that are hardly any better"是定语从句修饰主语，短语“as a matter of macabre routine ”是条件状语，而介词“in”则是地点状语。
Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts。
该句意思为：Just as sometimes a person can be condemned for not doing something,it is also possible not to blame him for something he has done.
正如有时人会因为疏忽了某事而受到谴责，同样他也会为自己做某事而遭到批评。
这句话是倒装语序，因为副词“just"放在句首，情态动词“can”要提前，形成倒装句 lesson 5
eliminate
排除，消除，消灭。
eliminate a possibility 排除一种可能性
eliminate the false and retain the true 去伪存真
e.g. We eliminate most of the runners in the heats, only the best run in the final.
我们淘汰了大部分热身赛中的长跑者，只有最优秀的进入决赛。
reap
收割，收获；获得，得到。在大多数情况下为及物动词
e.g. reap the rice 收割水稻
reap profits through (from) 从……获得利润
e.g. Members of the people's commune are reaping wheat.
人民公社的社员正在收割小麦。
辨析 aware of / conscious of
这两个词都表示“意识到”，后面都连有of，引导意识到的对象。
aware 一般应用于感官可及的外界事物。
e.g. Everybody in our country is aware of the paramount importance of the modernization of China.
我们国家的每一个人都觉察到中国现代化的极端重要。
conscious 一般应用于内心所意识到的感觉。
e.g He is conscious of a sense of guilt.
他感觉到自己的过错。
反义词 unaware & unconscious
drop out of 掉队，退出
They dropped out of the team. 他们退出了球队。
此外常见的其他搭配还有：
drop behind 落在后面
drop in(over) 顺便看望，非正式来访
drop off （参加的人）越来越少，减少
redominate 居统治地位，统治，占优势
predominate over sb. 支配或统治某人。名词形式：predomination
e.g. Red and scarlet predominate in those flowers.
这些花中大多数是红色和鲜红色的。
It will take years for whites—including those who think of themselves as liberals—to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes towards they all actually have.(3)该句的基本结构为“It will take+时间+不定式”。who引导的定语从句修饰those,they all actually take为定语从句修饰attitudes,省略了关系代词that或which。
You know she’ll only drop out of the game to have a couple of children just about the time we’re ready to run her for mayor.(13)本句中to have a couple of children为不定式作目的状语。we're ready......for mayor
是省略了when的时间定语从句。run的意思为“竞选”。 lesson 6
segregate
使分离，使分开，使隔离。 segregation，?n.?
如：segregate people with infectious diseases.将有传染病的人隔离。
e.g. It is that government's policy to segregate black people from white.那是政府的政策将黑人与白人隔离。
pick up
是常用词组，并且有不同的意思。
（1） 拾起，拿起
She picked up her kit and dashed out of the door.
她拿起药箱冲出门去。
（2） 学会（非正规的）
Where did you pick up your technical skill?
你的技术是在哪儿学的？
（3）（顺便）买，（顺便用车）来接
He picked up that bureau at a second?hand store.
这个柜子是他在一家旧货店买的。
（3） 好起来，上升，加快
It looks as though the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。
in touch with(4)
意为（和……）接触,取得联系,常见词组有:
keep in touch with
be in touch with
get in touch with
e.g. Tom is always in touch with his old friends.
汤姆常和老朋友保持联系。
leave alone(11)别碰
e.g. I should leave the question alone if I were you.
我若是你，就不谈这个问题。
There is an old,white two?story house on the left side just before you cross the bridge.(36)
英语中有一个以上的词语修饰名词时，它们的次序往往比较固定。其顺序大致为：限定词→数词→描绘形容词→特征形容词→颜色形容词→类属形容词→名词性定语→名词。
...that freak that's his parole officer is some mean watch?dog.(27)
...that's his parole officer是插入语，在句中作独立成分，其主句的谓语成分是is some mean watch?dog. lesson 7
make a point of doing
特意，有意识地；间或作 make it a point of
e.g. We've always made a special point of ensuring their safety.
我们一向特别注意保障他们的安全。
注意：make a point 提一个问题
e.g. There is just one other point which I wish to make in this connection.
关于此事，我还有一点想谈谈。
此外：make a scene 吵架
make acquaintances 认识人，交朋友
make believe 假装
make ends meet 使收支平衡
get used to 习惯于
后跟名词或动名词，也可作： be used to/become used to
e.g. I'm not used to strong drink.
我不习惯喝烈酒。
辨析： used to 过去经常，后跟动词不定式
e.g. You used to live in the same house?
过去你住在同一所房子里吗?
(一般疑问形式，将used 或助动词do, did提前)
rescue
v.? 援救，营救；挽救
词组：come (go) to somebody's rescue 来援救某人
例句：The firemen rescued three women from the burning house.
消防队员从燃烧的房子里解救出三名妇女。
scrape
v. 刮掉，擦净，用于成语：
scrape the floor 擦地板
scrape a living 勉强糊口
scrape along 勉强过日子scrape by 勉强维护
scrape off 刮掉，从……蹭掉
e.g. He cleaned the wire by scraping it with a knife.
他用一把刀子把电线刮得干干净净。
Miss Brill was glad that she had decided on her fur.(1)
“decide on”意为就……作出决定。
e.g. They have not decided on adjuring the session.
他们还没决定是否休会。
Now there came a little “fluttery” bit-very pretty!(2)
这是一个倒装句。当一个句子由now 或there, then 引起，谓语为come 或go时，常用倒装语序。
e.g. There goes the bell. 铃声响了。
Then came a new problem. 然后出现了一个新问题。
look forward to (3)
盼望，希望，to的后面跟名词或动名词
e.g. She had been looking forward to working as an actress.
她一直希望做一名演员。 lesson 8
1. She said that I must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy.(21)
“but”除了常用的作“连词”表示转折外，还可作介词，意思为除去，除开。本句中的but即为介词。
e.g He seldom talked of anything but painting.
除了画画，他很少谈论别的。
“but”其他用法：
can not but (help/choose) 不能不，只能
not only——but also 不仅……而且
not that——but 不是……而是……
but for 要不是（句子谓语多用虚拟语气）
2. appeal to (5)
投合（心意或兴趣）
e.g. These pictures do not appeal to him.
另外，appeal to 还有呼吁、请求的意思。
e.g. He appealed to his friends for support.
他请求朋友帮助。
3. mean to (7)
打算，怀有目的
e.g. I'm sorry ,I don't mean to hurt you.
对不起，我不是故意要伤害你。
4. It occurred to me that she expected a response. (25)
我意识到她在等我的答复。句中“it”为形式主语。that 引导的句子是真正的主语。
occur to sb. 想到，想起
e.g. It never occurred to her to ask anyone.
她从未想过问问别人。
5. I was respected not as Mrs.Henderson's grandchild or Bailey's sister but for just being Marguerite Johnson. (31)
我受到尊敬，并不是因为我是汉德森夫人的外孙或是贝利的妹妹，而是因为我是玛格丽特•约翰逊。
此句中not ...but... 不是……而是
e.g. I was not a student of the school but a teacher.
我不是该校的学生，而是一名教师。
6. 辨析：intolerant / intolerable
intolerant: 不容忍的，不容异说的，主语指某人
be intolerant of 指某人对某事不能容忍
intolerable: 不能忍受的。 be intolerable to sb. 是指某事对某人来说无法容忍，其主语是某事。
7. 辨析： infuse / fill
infuse 注入，灌输，多指注入抽象的东西。另外还有使充满，鼓舞的意思。
e.g. infuse new life to sb. 赋予新的生命
fill 装满，注满，填空
e.g. fill the glass with water 杯子里灌满水
8. 辨析 inclusive / exclusive
inclusive:包括的，包含的，常跟介词of。
e.g. The monthly rent is 5 yuan, inclusive of light and water.
每月租金5元，包括水、电费。
exclusive :排除在外的，独占的; 另外还有“全部”的意思。
e.g. give a question one's exclusive attention
把全部的注意力放在某一问题上。
9. the measure of what a human being can be 衡量人的标准
measure 在这里是名词，意思为标准，测度; 另外还可为动词，测量，衡量。
e.g. Examination is only one measure of students' abilities.
考试只是衡量学生能力的一个标准。
Those people are measuring the speed of cars.
那些人正在测量汽车的速度。
△ let alone snag her skin
let alone：not to mention 更不必说
eg：1．He never gets up early on weekdays，let alone on weekends．
他平日从不早起，更不用说周末了。
2．She always helps those whom she doesn’t know，let alone her
good friends．
她总是帮助那些陌生人，更不用说她的好朋友了。
△ She appealed to me because she was like people I had never met person-
ally．
appeal to：attract 引起兴趣，吸引
eg：1．The nice pictures appealed to them．
好看的画深深地吸引了他们。
2．Why do bright colours appeal to small children?
为什么鲜艳的颜色吸引小孩?
△ The teachers report that they have trouble getting you to talk in class．
have trouble+doing sth．
eg：1．I had trouble reading her handwriting．
我认她的笔迹很困难。
2．We had trouble persuading him to come with us．
我们很难说服他和我们一起来。
△ I hung back in the separate unasked and unanswerable questions．
hang hack：hesitate 犹豫
eg： 1．When the soldiers were asked to fight in the war， no one hung
back．
当要求士兵上战场时，没有一个人退缩。
2．He hung back whether to go for a holiday tomorrow．
他对于明天是否去度假犹豫不决。
△ Words mean more than what is set down on paper．
set down：write down 写下
eg：1．She quickly set down her thoughts on paper．
她很快地把她的想法写到纸上。
2．Please set down what the teacher said in your note book．
请把老师说的记到笔记本上。
△ although she warned that she hadn’t tried her hand at baking sweets for
some time
try one’s hand at+ doing sth．
eg：1．Why don’t you try your hand at editing a newspaper?
你为什么不尝试编辑一份报纸呢?
2．She tiled her hand at making a new dress．
她尝试着做一件新连衣裙。
△ It occurred to me that she expected a response．
It occurred to sb．that．．．：come into sb’s mind 想到
eg：1．Did it ever occur to you that he went to Australia?
你有没有想到他去澳大利亚了?
2．It occurred to me that they wanted me to go with them．
看来他们想让我和他们一起去。
△ I didn’t question why Mrs．Flowers had singled me out for attention．
single out：select from others 挑选，选择
eg：1．Why do you single out him for praise?
你为什么单单表扬他呢?
2．She singled out a red rose．
她选了一朵红玫瑰。 lesson 9
1. encourage (3)
鼓励，支持。 encourage sb to do sth. 鼓励某人去干某事
e.g. The government energetically encourages the practice of making investigations and studies.
政府大兴调查研究之风。
2. in short (4)
简言之，总之
同义词组还有，in a word, briefly, 或briefly speaking.
e.g. The speaker did not know his subject, nor did he speak well, in short ,he was disappointing.
演讲者既不知道主题，演讲得也不好，总之他很令人失望。
3. 辨析 enhance/increase
enhance：提高，增加，一般指增加价值、吸引力、觉悟等较抽象的东西。
e.g. enhance one's political consciousness 提高政治觉悟
enhance combat readiness 加强战斗准备
increase：增加，增长，提高，一般指数量上的增加。
e.g. increase production 增加产量
increase wages 增加工资
4. avoid doing sth. (5)
avoid 避免，注意：后接动词时，用动名词doing 形式。
e.g. avoid meeting sb. 避免遇见某人
5. The spans allotted are on the order of minutes or seconds.
时间分配差不多以分秒计算。
on the order of ：大约，大概，差不多
e.g. That car must be worth on the order of five hundred thousands dollars.
那辆车大约值50万美元。
6. statistically speaking (11)
从统计数字上看，根据统计
类似这样的结构还有：
generally speaking 一般说来
briefly speaking 简单说来
specifically speaking 具体说来
7. surrender to (12)
固定搭配，“ 屈服于，向……投降，沉迷于……”,后跟名词。
e.g. He surrendered himself to despair and took his own life.
他陷于绝望,自杀了。
8. While I would not be so simplistic as to .....(11)
while 在此句中的意思为although,表示尽管.
e.g. While the modeling business is no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
尽管从事模特行业一点儿也不容易,可优秀的模特总是需要的。
此外,while 还有其他的含义：①当……时候。e.g. While she was young, she liked painting.年轻的时候,她喜欢绘画。
②可是。e.g.Tom is extrovert ,while Susan is
shy.汤姆性
格外向,而苏珊却害羞内向。
9. be accompanied by (8)
伴随发生，同时伴随
e.g. The rain was accompanied by high wind. 风雨交加。
10. results in inefficient communication (8)
result in 是固定搭配，引起（某种结果），使获得（某种成果），结果……
e.g The accident resulted in three deaths.事故导致三人死亡。
result from 由……造成，因……而产生
e.g. The accident resulted from a defective brake.
事故是由刹车失灵造成的。
Lesson Nine
△ By the age of 20 you will have been exposed to at least 20，000 hours of
television。
expose to：leave uncovered or unprotected 暴露于
eg：1.The soldiers were exposed to the enemy’s gunfire．
士兵受到敌人炮火的袭击。
2.The students were exposed to the rain on the way home．
学生们在回家的路上遇到了大雨。
△ who never concentrate on anything
concentrate on：focus attention on 集中注意力
eg：1.I can’t concentrate on my work today•
今天我无法集中精神工作。
2.You should concentrate on listening to the teacher in class．
课上你应该集中精神听老师讲课。
△ The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief．
avoid+doing sth
eg：1．After the quarrel they avoided meeting each other．
争吵之后，他们两人避免互相见面。
2．No one can avoid making mistakes in his life．
没有人一生不犯错误
△ results in inefficient conununication．
result in：bring about 导致，带来
eg：1.The dispute between two countries resulted in war．
两国的争端最终导致战争。
2.The negligence of the work resulted in the failure of the experi—
ment。
工作的疏忽导致了试验的失败。
△ That visual stimulation is a substitute for thought．
substitute for：use as a substitute 代替
eg：1．Mr．Li is ill，so Mr．Yang is a substitute for him．
李老师病了，所以杨老师来替他。
2．They use tea as a substitute for beer to celebrate．
他们以茶代酒来庆贺。
△ When before has virtually an entire nation surrendered itself wholesale to
a medium for selling?，
surrender(oneself) to：give way to 向……投降
eg：1．We advised the burglar to surrender himself to the police．
我们建议窃贼向警方投案.
2．They surrendered themselves to despair．
他们感到绝望。 lesson 10
1. legible /readable
辨析: legible 易读，字迹清楚的，可识别的。e.g. The new edition is in larger, more legible type. 新的版本字体较大，易于阅读。
readable :有趣味的，使人爱读的。e.g. a readable novel 一本令人爱读的小说。
2. be bound to be the next victim (12)
be bound to 固定词组，注定，必定
e.g. Just wars are bound to triumph over wars of aggression.
正义的战争必定战胜侵略的战争。
3. in case (12)
固定搭配，“假使”的意思。
e.g. In case he comes , let me know.
如果他来的话，告诉我一声。
4. see trough (9)
意为“看穿，识破”。e.g. He can't fool
her ,she sees through him every time. 他无法欺骗她，她每一次都能识破他。
5. pick at (24)
意思为“用手指拉，一再扯”。
e.g. The sick man picked at the blanket. 病人一再地用手拉毯子。
6. in the favor (26)
in one's favor 意为“对某人有利”。e.g. The evidence is not in his favor.
证据对他不利。
7. They had no means of comparison and assumed ... who happens to share the table with him.(37)
这句话可以分为一个主句和一个比较状语从句两部分。主句中had no means of comparison 和assumed that...是并列关系。状语从句的主语为traveler, stepping off the liner 是它的定语;从句中包括一个who 引导的定语从句，修饰businessman。
△ We are quite indifferent as to which three．
indifferent：having no interest，not caring for
indifferent to：对…不感兴趣，漠不关
eg：1．He is quite indifferent to the picnic this time．
这次他对野餐不感兴趣，
2．How can you be indifferent to the crisis?
你怎能对这场危机漠不关心呢?
△ We see through that．
see through：not be deceived by 看穿
eg： 1.the soldier saw through the enemy’s little game．
士兵看透了敌人的把戏。
2.The parents saw．throuhg what the child thought．
父母看透了孩子的想法。
△…he was bound to be the next victim．
be bound to：certain to，obliged to 一定，必须
eg： 1．They are bound to take their son to the park every weekend．
他们每个周末必定带儿子去公园。
2．He is bound to come．
他肯定会来。
△ I want you to hold this watch for me in case'一
in case：in the event of 万一
eg：1．You’d better take the umbrella with you in case it rains。
万—下雨你最好带上雨伞。
2． Please call me in case you can not find my house．
万一找不到我家，给我打电话。
△ The chances had suddenly grown in his favor from ten to one to—four—
teen to one．
in sb’s favor：to the advantage of sb． 对……有利
eg： 1．The new exchange rate is in our country’s favor．
新的汇率对我们国家有利。
2．The votes were in his favor in the election．
选举中的投票对他有利。
△ and a sense of grievance nagged at his mind．．．
nag at：find fault，worry or annoy by scolding 不断地挑剔，恼人
eg：1．His wife nagged at him all day lcng．
他妻子整天唠唠叨叨责备他。 …
2．The noise kept nagging at me．
噪音使我很恼火。
△ I never consented to the draw．
consent to：give agreement or permission 同意，允许
eg：1．Her parents didn’t consent to the marriage．
她的父母不同意这桩婚事
2．Every one consented to the advice．
每个人都同意此建议。
△ sums up a nation’s character forever'
sum up：express briefly，form a judgement 总结
eg：1．At the end of the class，the teacher summed up the key points．
快下课时，老师把重点进行了总结。
2．He summed up the situation here quickly．
他很快就认清了这里的形势。
△ Who happens to share the table with him．
happen to：chance，have the fortune 碰巧
eg：1．I happened to meet him in the street yesterday．
昨天我碰巧在街上遇到他
2．She happened to go shopping when l visited her．
我去看她时碰巧她去买东西 lesson 11
1. plunge into 陷入，投入
e.g. We plunge into a discussion.
我们投入到一场争论中去。
2. resolve 决定，后跟动词时，跟to不定式形式。
Resolve to become one with the masses. 决心和群众打成一片。
3. 辨析 contrariness / contradiction
contradiction 矛盾，
e.g. the universality of contradiction 矛盾的普遍性
contrariness 是指相反，对立面，反面。
e.g. the contrariness of matter 事物的对立面
4. 辨析 imaginary / imaginative
imaginary 想像中的，虚构的，幻想的，指不真实的假想。
e.g. an imaginary enemy 假想的敌人
imaginative 意思是富有想像力的，唤起想像力的
e.g. an imaginative artist 富有想像力的艺术家
5. ...and go prosing on in fancy with him ...
in fancy 意为“在想像中”，这里并非是常用法。
fancy 构成的常用词组有：
（1）have a fancy (that ...)，意为“感到，揣想”。
e.g. I have a fancy that he will arrive late .我觉得他会迟到。
（2）have a fancy for 意为“（没有一定道理的）喜欢，想要”。
e.g. I had a sudden fancy for some mushroom.我突然喜欢上了蘑菇。
（3）take a fancy to ,意为“爱上，（变得）喜欢”。
e.g. She took a fancy to the house as soon as she saw it .她看到这个房子就喜欢上了。
6. They sink,at once,into stupid,heavy slumber, leaving you to your own mental devices.(4)
这个句子中，介词短语at once和分词短语leaving you to your own mental devices作为状语修饰sink,后者为伴随状语。
7. I defy any reasonable man to fall asleep while mustering a herd of ceruean swine.(5)
分词短语表示的状语有时前面可以有一个连词相当于while muster，但要注意分词短语意义上的主语应是主句的主语，defy意思为“藐视”。
△ You may depend upon it that before I have gone very far．．．。．
depend upon it be quite certain about 完全相信，敢说
eg：1．You may depend upon it that the strike will go on．
我敢说罢工仍会继续。
2．He will come soon depend upon it
你可以完全相信他一会儿准来。
△ and I can do anything but sleep
but：except 除了
eg：1．They all went to the cinema but Peter because he was ill．
因为彼得病了，除了他以外，大家都去看电影了。
2．None but the brave deserve the fair．
只有英雄才配美人。
△ and I can solve，to my own satisfaction，all the doubts of humanity
to one’s+名词
eg：1．To my surprise，he suddenly stood up and left the meeting room．
令我惊讶的是，他突然站起来离开了会议室。
2．To our great joy，we succeeded at last．
令我们非常高兴的是我们终于成功了。
△ much given to a teasing inconsistency•．．
be given to sth．／doing sth．：have as a habit 习惯
eg：1．He is given to wild forecasts．
他爱作轻率的预言。
2．I am not given to flattering others．
我不喜欢奉承别人。
△ lest too light winning make the prize light…
lest：for fear that 以免
eg：1．He wore sun glasses lest he should be recognized．
他因为怕被别人认出而戴上墨镜。
2．He studied even harder lest other students should catch up with
him；
他学习更努力了，以免被其他同学赶上。
△ thanks to their“iron wills'’
thanks to：owing to，as the result of 由于，因为
eg：1．He passed the exam thanks to the help of the teacher and stu-
dents．
由于老师和同学的帮助，他通过了考试。
2．We finished the task ahead of schedule thands to our hard work．
由于努力工作，我们提前完成了任务。
△ but it Was of no avail
of no avail：not helpful，not effective 无效，没有作用
eg： 1.It was of no avail to persuade him．
劝说他也没有用.
2．His intervention Was of no avail．
他的调停无效。
△ but this set me thinking of pictures in general
set sb．doing sth：cause sb．to begin to do sth． 使(某人)开始做
(某事)
eg：1.His joke set us laughing•
他的笑话让我们大笑。
2.The news set me thinking．
那则消息让我深思。 lesson 12
1. outgrow 生长速度超过……， 长得比……快
e.g. The boy has outgrown this suit.
这男孩长大了，穿不下这套衣服了。
2. 辨析 reconciled / friendly
reconciled 重归于好的，调解好的。
e.g. reconciled countries 重归于好的国家。
friendly 友好的，友谊的。e.g. friendly relationship 友好关系。
3. to get stuck 被固定住的，难以移动
e.g. His fingers got stuck in the window. 他的手指被窗户夹住了。
4. in so far as (4) ——意为“在……的程度，只要”。
e.g. I will help you ,in so far as I can.我会尽力帮助你的。
In so far as we can believe these facts ，we will use them.
只要我们相信这些事实，我们就会使用他们。
5. at any rate(5) ——意为“至少”, 可用at least 替换。其他常见用法为“不管怎样”。
e.g. For the next six weeks ,at any rate, she must stay at home.
不管怎样，在以后的6周里她必须呆在家里。
6. turn the scale (11)——也可表示为tip the scale(s),意为“扭转局面”。
e.g. The American declaration of war in 1917 turned (tipped) the scale against Germany.
美国于1917年对德国宣战，扭转了对德作战的局面。
7. A yellow beam of sunlight,filtering through the muslin curtains,slanted on to the table,the inkpot.(3)
filtering...这一现在分词短语作方式状语。该主句的谓语动词为slanted，而where...为table的定语从句，where在从句中作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。而该从句中的half open为主语matchbox的补语，与非限定性定语相似。e.g.The man,crude beyond belief,didn't listen to their pleadings.那人残酷得不可置信，不听取他们的恳求。
△I should have to settle down and write books，
settle down：become established in a new way of life 安顿，安定
eg：1．I have settled down Well in a new career
我已经在新的事业中安顿下来。
2．His parents were very happy that he settled down to married life．
他的父母很高兴他结婚安定下来
△…my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated
and undervalued．
mix up：mix thoroughly 混合
eg：1.She mixed up salt with sugar when she cooked．
她做饭时把糖和盐调和在一起。
2.You can’t mix up oil with water．
你不能让油和水相混合。
△I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life”．
get back：return to power after losing 补偿，恢复
eg：1.He hoped to get back at the next election．
他希望在下次选举中东山再起。
2.She got her own back for her depression．
她从沮丧中恢复过来。
△and picture myself as the hero of thrilling adventures
picture：imagine 想象
eg：1.We picture the bright future ahead of us．
我们想象着我们光明的前途。
2.Can you picture what you will be like in twenty years
你能想象出你20年以后的样子吗?
△—words were used partly for the sake of their sound．
for the sake of：for the benefit of，because of 为了
eg：1.Every country should get rid of the Nuclear weapons for the sake
of world peace• 。
为了世界和平，每一个国家都应该消灭核武器。
2.He only argues for the sake of arguing．
他只是为了争论而争论。
△putting aside the need to earn a living
put aside：lay down，disregard，ignore 抛开，忽略
eg：1. putting aside the salary，he found the job challenging。
抛开工资，他觉得那份工作很有挑战性。
2.Iet’s put aside the fact that he has done something wrong before．
先别管他以前做过错事。
△to get your own back on grown-ups'。。
get one’s own back(On)：have one’s revenge 报复
eg：1．They cheat us today but we will get our own back on them．
他们今天骗了我们，我们一定要报复他们。
2．He had a quarrel with Peter and decided to get his own back on
him
他与彼得吵架了，决定报复他。
△…and store them up for the use of posterity．
store up：collect and keep for future use 积累，储备
eg：1．Most Of the animal store up food for the winter．
大多数动物为冬天储备食物
2．She stored up a lot of information to write this article．
为了写这篇文章，她搜集了很多信息。
△The Spanish war and other events in 1936——1937 turned the scale。。。
turn the scale：decide the result of sth．which is in doubt 扭转局面
eg：1．His participation turned the scale of the football team．
他的加盟改变了这只球队的命运
2．He turned the scale of the competition in our favour。
他使比赛的形势对我们有利。
△It is simply a question of which side one takes…
take side：support 支持
eg：1.Which side do you take in the debate?
你支持辩论的哪一方?
2.We should take the side with justice．
我们应该支持正义的一方。
△And the more one is conscious of one’s political bias，the more chance
one has of acting politically'。．
the more—，the more-— 越……越……
eg：The more he learns，the more he knows．
学得越多，懂得越多。
比较级……，比较级……的其他例子：
eg：1．The sooner，the better．
越快越好。
2．The better he learns，the more chance he has．
学的越好，机会越多。
△It is no use trying to suppress that side of myself．
no use +doing sth.类似用法还有“no good+doing sth”
eg： 1．It’s no use regretting now．
现在后悔也没用了.
2．It’s no good talking to him．
同他谈也没有用
△The job is to reconcile my ingrained likes and dislikes with the essentially
public．
reconcile with：bring into harmony with，cause．to agree with 使和谐，
使一致
eg：1．I can’t reconcile what he says with the facts of the case。
我看不出他所说的与案件的事实相符
2．The decision is reconciled with justice．
这个决定符合公道。
△In one form or another this problem comes again．
come up：appear，occur 出现
eg：1．A good idea came up in her mind．
她想出了一个好主意。
2．Time is up，but he hasn’t come up．
时间到了，但他还没来。
△but l know which of them deserve to be foilowed．
deserve：be entitled to 值得
eg：1．They deserved to be praised．
他们值得表扬。
2．He deserved punishment for he had done something wrong．
由于他做错了，应当受到惩罚。 lesson 13
1. be at a loss 不知所措，无法
e.g. We are at a loss to answer him.我们无法回答他。
2. on the average 固定短语，一般说来，平均起来
e.g. On the average, we receive 5 letters each day.
我们平均一天收到5封信。
3. be capable of 固定搭配，有能力，能够
e.g. I don't believe you are capable of winning it.
我不相信你能赢。
4. 辨析 by no means / by all means / by means of / by any means
by no means 完全不是，一点也不，绝不
e.g. Sophia is by no means an ordinary girl.
索菲亚决不是一个普通的女孩。
by means of 依靠
e.g. The water may be carried by means of pipe. 水可以用管子来装。
by all means 想尽办法，千万
e.g. Try by all means to persuade him to come.
尽量想尽办法劝他来。
by any means 在某个程度上
e.g. If the weather is by any means suitable, we will play the match tomorrow.
如果天气适宜，我们明天将举行比赛。
5. The desire that men feel to increase their income is...a higher income can procure.(3)
本句的主要结构为The desire...is quite as much a desire...as for...，主语后面有一修饰性定语从句that men feel to increase their income;谓语部分为as...as...结构，意思为“同一样”，与much连用表示程度相同；作为对比两个结构的一个是作为表语的the desire for success,另一个是作状语表示比较对象的for the extra comfort that a higher income can procure,后者还含有一个that引导的主语从句，修饰comfort。
6. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natured one to apply.(3)
这是典型的由it is...that构成的强调句式，强调句中的连词where引导地点状语从句。句末的不定式to apply作代词one的定语。
△provided work is not excessive in amount
provided：if on condition that 只要
eg：1．She would buy whatever she likes provided she call afford it．
只要她买的起，她就会买她喜欢的东西。
2．I will go provided you go
你去我就去。
△to begin with：as the first reason 首先
eg：1．This plan won’t work；To begin with，it is not practical．
这个计划行不通，首先它不实用。
2．I can’t go for a picnic．To begin with，I am notfeeling well．
我不能去野餐，首先我身体不好。
△．．•are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth do—
ing
at a loss：uncertain what to do 不知所措
eg：1.The little girl was frightened and was at a loss what to do．
小女孩被吓坏了，不知所措。
2.I found myself at a loss to answer the difficult questions．
我—时不知如何回答这些困难的问题。
be worth+doing sth。
eg：1.The book is worth reading again．
这本书值得再读一遍。
2.It is not worth mentioning
不值得一提。
△in comparison with：when compared with与……相比
eg：1．It is the cheapest in the store in comparison with other clothes．
与其他衣服相比，这是商场里最便宜的一件。
2．The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with
those of New York．
伦敦最高的建筑与纽约的比起来，仍然很小。
△…namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come．
namely：that is to say 那就是说
eg：1．Only Lucy is on time，namely that others are late．
只有露西准时，就是说其他人都迟到了。
2．Only one was wrong，namely John．
只有一个人错了，那就是约翰。
△It becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation
build up：increase，develop． 增加，发展
eg：1．The army is building up its military forces．
军队正在扩充军力。
2．The athlete is building up his strength for the sports meet．
运动员正在加强体力为运动会做准备。
△Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness
in the long run．
in the long run ：in the end，ultimately 从长远来说，最后
eg：1．They will make profits in the long run although they sell their
products cheaply now． •
尽管他们现在的售价很低，但他们最终会赚钱的。
2．It pays in the long run to buy the big house．
买大房子终究是上算的。
△0f course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to—
do'．．
apply to：have a concern 适用
eg：1．This method can not be applied to your problem．
这种方法不适用于你的问题。
2．Does the new discovery apply to your experiment?
新发现与你的试验有关吗?
△It is capable of giving satisfaction of a far order than mere relief
from tedium．
capable of：having the ability or inclination 有能力，有可能
eg：1．He was capable of reciting poems at the age of four．
他四岁就能背诗了。
2．The interviewer asked me what I Was capable of．
面试考官问我有哪些才能。
△A great deal of work gives the same pleasure that is to be derived from
games of skill．
derive from：get 获得
eg： 1．Many English words derive from latin
许多英语单词来源于拉丁语。
2．She derived pleasure from listening to music in her spare time．
业余时间听音乐给她很大乐趣。
△．．that for the sake of he is willing to risk his life．
risk：meet danger，suffer loss 冒险
eg：1．It is not worth risking your health tO dO that．
冒健康的危险去做那件事是不值得的。
2．He went on with his plan although he risked it again．
他冒着再一次失败的危险继续他的计划。
△．．•in which new circumstances call for new skill•．．
call for：require，demand 需要
eg：1．This activity calls for volunteers．
这项活动需要志愿者。
2．The modern society calls for those who know English and comput—
er very well．
现代社会要求人们熟练掌握英语和计算机。
△It seems that men are at their best between sixty and seventy•
at one’s best：in the best condition． 最佳状况
eg：1．Beijing is at its best in October．
十月是北京最美的季节。
2．He was at his best in the debate yestelday and got applause from
time to time．
他在昨天的辩论中表现出最佳状态，并不时地赢得掌声。
△For this reason successful politicians are apt to be happier at the age of
seventy—．
be apt to：likely to，having a tendency 倾向
eg：1．The naughty boy is apt to make trouble in class．
那个淘气的男孩爱上课捣乱。
2．Plastic is apt to break in cold weather．
天冷时塑料容易裂。
△We may distinguish construction from destruction by the following criteri—
on．
distinguish from：be a mark of difference 区分
eg：1．The twins look the same。It is very difficult to distinguish one
from another．
双胞胎长得很像。很难区分谁是谁。
2．Can you distinguish a necklace of crystals from one of glasses?
你能区分出水晶项链和玻璃项链吗?
△In constructing a building a previously made plan is carried out．
carry out：perform，complete 实施，完成
eg：1．He seldom carries out his promise．
他很少实现自己的诺言。
2．I heard you were helping the professor carry out his experiment。
我听说你正在帮助教授做实验。
△Frequently he will conceal this from himself by the belief that he is only
sweeping away in Order to build afresh．
conceal from：hide，keep secret 隐瞒
eg：1．He tried tO conceal the bad news from his wife，lest she worried．
他尽量对他的妻子隐瞒这个坏消息，以免她担心。
2．The onlookers concealed the fact Of the accident from the police—
man．
旁观者向警察隐瞒了事故的真实情况。
△means：方法，手段
by no means：not at all 一点儿也不
eg：1．The exam is by no means difficult to me． I can answer all the
questions．
这次考试对我来说一点儿也不难。我能回答出所有的问题。
2．What you have done is hy no means satisfactory to the boss．
老板对你所做的一点儿也不满意。
by all means：certainly 一定，必定
eg：1．They will by all means close down their factory if they still ignore
the quality of their products
如果他们继续忽视产品质量，他们的工厂必定要关闭了。
2．If you don’t start reviewing your 1essons now，you will by all
means fail the exam．
如果你现在还不开始复习功课，你一定不会通过考试的。
by means of：with the help of 通过，在……帮助下
eg：1.He reached his goals by means of hard work．
他通过努力工作实现了自己的目标。
2.Thoughts are expressed by means of words．
思想借文字表达出来。 lesson 14
1. testify to war crimes (2)
testify to sth. 是指作为某事的证据，证明……，后跟名词。
e.g. I can testify to his honesty. 我可以证明他的诚实。
2. be guilty of 有罪的
e.g. The verdict of the jury was that he was guilty of murder.
陪审团裁决他犯有谋杀罪。
guilty 还有“感觉内疚的”意思，但后面的介词用about。
e.g. I feel guilty about my words. 我对我说的话感到愧疚。
3. inflict on sb. 意为“使（某人）遭受（打击或惩罚）”。
e.g. inflict a crushing defeat on the enemy 把敌人打得一败涂地。
4. switch off 意为“关掉，切断”。
e.g. Don't switch the TV off yet. 暂时不要关掉电视。
反义词为put on 打开。
5. what if 意为“要是……又怎么样？”
e.g. What if it rains when we can't get under shelter?
假若下起雨来，我们又没处避雨怎么办？
6. deal in 意为“忙于，参与，从事”。
e.g. deal in gossip and slander 忙于搬弄是非和造谣中伤。
deal in 还有“经营”的意思。
e.g. We only deal in hardware but not software.
我们只经营硬件不经营软件。
7. in terms of (9) 意为“在某事物方面;以某种说法来表达。
e.g. Think of it in terms of an investment. 从投资的角度来考虑这件事。
8. It goes into the fact that all the things we were told about Vietnam we found untrue when we got there.(13)
这是一个同位语结构的句子，that引导的从句即是the fact,从句中宾语all the things提前，we were told about是定语从句修饰宾语all the things,when引导的时间从句作状语成分。
△．．．the policy of the United Stares in Indochina is tantamount to genocide，
tantamount to：equal in effect to 等同于
eg：1.What the child says is tantamount to the command for her par—
ents．
小孩所说的对她父母来说如同命令一般。
2．Not to give an answer is tantamount to a refusal．
不回答就等于拒绝。
△no matter how guilty he may be；
no matter后边接what，who，how，when，where相当于whatever，
whoever，however，whenever，wherever．
eg：1．Try to keep calm no matter what(whatever)happens．
不管发生什么事，尽量保持冷静
2．No matter when(Whenever)I went to see her，she was reading
books．
不论什么时候我去找她，她都在读书。
△but said it would never get by his desk，
get by：leave，pass 离开，通过
eg：1．The crowd moved aside to let the doctors get by．
人群退向一边，让医生通过。
2．It's very difficult for the people to get by because many pedlars
sell vegetables there．
由于许多小贩在那儿卖菜，人们很难通过。
△But the press isn’t the only party in this country that’s guilty of this
rampant insensitivity．
be guilty of：having done wrong 有罪
eg：1．He was guilty of a crime and taken into prison．
他有罪，被捕入狱了。
2．They were not sure whether he was guilty of stealing．
他们不敢肯定他是否犯了偷盗罪。
△And so we’re suddenly faced with a sickening situation in this country
be faced with：encounter 遇到，面临
eg：1．We are faced with new challenge now．
我们现在面临着新的挑战。
2．What difficulties are you faced with?
你们遇到了什么困难?
△．．．who are almost exhausted from past indignities inflicted on them．
inflict on：cause to suffer 使遭受
eg：1．The judge inflicted the death penalty on the malderer．
法官处该杀人犯以死刑。
2．The bad news inflicted a severe blow on him．
这则坏消息给他以沉重的打击。
△We’re angry about the same things you are in terms of policy•．．
in terms of：mode of expression，according to 以某种说法来表达
eg：1．He referred to your work in terms of praise．
他对你的工作大加表扬。
2．We should consider problems in terms of the people's interests．
我们应该从人民利益出发来考虑问题。
△．．．whom the country is supposed to support，
be supposed to：be expected to 应该
eg：1．The students are supposed to study hard．
学生应该努力学习。
2．Who is supposed to clean the blackboard today?
今天应该由谁来擦黑板?
△It's a distortion because we in no way considered ourselves the“best
men”in this country．．．
in no way：not at all 一点儿也不
eg：1．In fact， he is in no way honest．
其实他一点儿也不老实。
2．He is in no way like his father．
他——点儿也不像他的爸爸。
△because those he called misfits were standing up for us in a way nobody
else．in this country dared to，
in a way：to a certain degree，in some aspects 在某方面，某种程度
eg：1．In a way you are right。
在某些方面你是对的。
2．In a way middle school students are more difficult to teach than
college students．
从某种意义上说，中学生比大学生更难教。
△．．．when we were ashamed of and hated what we were called on to do in
Asia．
call on：appeal to，invite，require号召，要求
eg：1．The League members are called on to plant trees in spring every
year．
要求团员每年春季去植树。
2．I called on her to keep the secret for me．
我要求她替我保守秘密。
△We are paying homage to the dead in Arlington．
pay homage to：express respect for表示敬意
eg：1．Everyone pays homage to the soldiers．
每个人都对军人表示敬意。
2．Many students paid homage to the teachers on the graduation cer—
emony•
毕业典礼上许多学生对老师表示敬意。
△The war is part and parcel of everything that we are trying to communi—
cate to people of this country
part and parcel：an essential part of 主要部分 ．
eg：1．Words and grammar should be part and parcel of English．learn—
ing．
词汇和语法是英语学习的主要部分。
2．What is part and parcel of his lecture?
他讲座的主要部分是什么? lesson 15
1. 辨析 intrinsic / instinctiveintrinsic
内在的，固有的。e.g. intrinsic value 内在的价值
instinctive 本能的，天性的。e.g. instinctive behavior 本能行为
2. 辨析 comparative / comparable
comparative (和其他)比较而言的。e.g. comparative literature 比较文学
comparable 类似的，常跟with 连用
e.g. A heart is comparable with a pump. 心脏类似水泵。
3. be hardly off 意为“生活穷困”，与其相对的是be well off 经济富裕。
e.g. I remember that when I was a child ,my father was extremely well off.
我记得小的时候我的父亲非常有钱。
4. such as it is (3)
意为“虽然并不是怎么样的东西，虽然并无多大价值”。
e.g. You can use my car ,such as it is.
你可以用我的车，虽然并不是什么好车。
5. turn out to be
意为“结果是……;证明是……”。
e.g. The noise turned out to be the dog scratching at the door.
那个声音证明是狗抓门。
6. be content with
意为“对……满意”，若表示“满足于做……”，用be content to do。
e.g. He is not content with his work. 他对他的工作不满意。
She was content just to sit in front of the television all day.
他只要天天坐在电视机前就心满意足了。
7. ...there is an interior light that can transfigure forms that the pure aestheticians would regard as imperfect or downright ugly.(8)
本句中有两个定语从句，第一个从句中又含有另一个定语从句。
that can transfigure forms that the pure aestheticians would regard as imperfect or downright ugly为light的定语从句，而that the pure aestheticians would regard as imperfect or downright ugly为该从句中的forms的定语从句。
8. ...their gait and gestures expressed so weary a listless ness,that it was unbearable to look at them.(8)
so用来表示程度的，结构为so+形容词+a+名词。
e.g.She's so beautiful a girl that he fell in love with her when he first saw her.
她那么漂亮以至于一见面他就爱上了她。
△Perhaps it will transform them into the likeness of those ravishing crea—
tures．．．
transform into：change into 变为
eg：1．A steam-engine transforms heat into energy．
蒸汽机把热变成能。
2．Can you transform this five-yuan note into five one-yuan notes?
你能把这五元钱换成五个一元的吗?
△To what is it due?
due to：attributed to 由于
eg：1．The accident was due to his careless driving．
事故起因于他驾驶疏忽。
2．The failure of the experiment was due to his mistake．
由于他的错误造成他们的试验失败。
△We concede that the Matron is morally justified in being preoccupied with
her personal appearance．
be preoccupied with：take all the attention of 全神贯注，盘据(心头)
eg：1．They were preoccupied with the thoughts of the coming holiday．
他们一心想着即将来临的假期
2．The students were preoccupied with how to pass the exam．
学生们一心想着如何通过考试
△To what have they led?
lead to：have as a result 导致
eg：1．All roads lead to Rome．
条条大路通罗马。
2．What he had said led to a great confusion．
他的话引起一片混乱。
△A bent back and hollow cheeks will come to be regarded as medievally
old-fashioned．
regard as：consider 认为，把……看作
eg：1．They all regarded him as the hero Of the country．
他们都把他视为国家的英雄。
2．Smoking and drinking are regarded as the bad habits．
抽烟、喝酒被视作不良习惯。
△in part to improved health
in part：in some degree． 某种程度，部分
eg：1．The article runs in part as follows．
文章部分内容如下。
2．She looks in part like her grandmother．
她有几分像她的祖母。
△The apparatus for mimicking the symptoms of health is now within the
relich of every moderately prosperous person．
within the reach of：extent to which a hand can be reached out 在……
范围内
eg：1．I’d like to have my books within my reach．
我喜欢把书放在我伸手可取的地方。
2．Toamjin is within the reach of Beijing
天津离北京很近。
beyond／out of teach 在……范围之外
eg：1．Please keep the medicine out Of reach Of the children．
请把药放在孩子够不到的地方
2．You threw the ball too far．It was beyond my reach．
你把球扔得太远，我接不到。
△be universally acted upon
act upon：do what is suggested，have an effect on 听从建议，有效 ．
eg：1．They acted upon our advice．
他们听从了我们的建议。
2．This kind of medicine acted upon the disease．
这种药对病有效。
△It makes no difference to its beauty or ugliness．
make no difference：be of no importance 没有区别
eg：1．It will make no difference whether the meeting will be held today
or tomorrow．
今天开会或明天开会没多大关系
2．It might make no difference to you，but it was very important for
me．
这对你可能投多大关系，但对我很重要。
△Often it turns out to be imperfectly alive．
turn out：prove to be 证实
eg：1．Everything turns out to be satisfactory．
一切令人满意。
2.It turned out to rain today．
今天下雨了。
△The cult of beauty is destined to be ineffectual．
be destined to do sth． 注定
eg：1．They were destined to meet again。
他们命中注定会再见面
2．He was destined to join the army．
他注定要参军。
△We must be content with moderate hopes．
be content with：satisfied with what one has 满足，满意
eg：1．Are you content with your present 1ife?
你对现在的生活满意吗?
2．She is not content with her present job．
她对现在的工作不满意。 lesson 16
1. in charge of 看管，主管
e.g. An experienced worker is in charge of this project.
一位富有经验的工人负责这项工作。
2. 辨析 play down / play along
play down 缩小（作用），贬低
e.g. He gave all the credit to his colleagues ,and played down his own part in this discovery.
他将所有的成就都归功于同事，对自己在发现中的作用说得很轻。
而play along 意思为“姑且与……合作，装出同意的样子”，常与with 搭配。
e.g. play along with the plot. 假装同意参与阴谋。
3. sink in 被完全理解，深深印入脑中
e.g. I think the lesson has sunk in, he would not make the same mistake again.
我相信他已吸取了教训，不会再犯同样的错误。
此外sink in 还有陷下去的意思。
e.g. His eyes have sunk in. 他的眼窝深陷。
4. on behalf of 代表……，为了
e.g. The lawyer spoke on behalf of her client.
律师代表当事人说话。
5. 辨析 compare...with /compare ... to
compare ...with 意思为“把……与……相比”，而compare ...to 意思为“把……比做…”。
e.g. compare London with Shanghai 把伦敦和上海相比较;compare London to Shanghai把伦敦比做上海。
6. take pride in 意思为“引以为荣，对……感到自豪”
e.g. He took a great pride in being a student of the university.
他以身为那所大学的学生而深感自豪。
7. It is not unusual for our partners to earn half a millon a year and most retire before they are fifty.(63)
it在句中为形式主语，真正的主语是to earn half a million a year and most retire before they are fifty。it is+adj+for sb to do sth.是常用句型，意思为“对某人来说做某事怎样”。
e.g.It is easy for him to do this work.对他来说，干这个工作很简单。
△The firm also frown heavily on divorce
frown on：disapprove of 反对
eg：1．Gambling and drug taking are Very much frowned on here．
此地十分反对赌博和吸毒
2．The manager frowned on their plan although it was very reason-
able．
尽管他们的计划十分合理，但经理不赞成。
△He was in demand．
in demand：wanted，popular需求，受欢迎
eg：1．The records of the famous singers are in constant demand．
著名歌星的唱片一直很畅销。
2．This kind of medicine is in urgent demand in this hospital．
这家医院急需这种药。
△Also he owed close to$23，000 in student loans．
owe sth．to sb．：be in debt to sb．indebted to as the source of 欠(某
人)……
eg：1．He owed ahundred yuan to his friend．
他欠他朋友一百元钱。
2．She owes her success to her teacher．
她把她的成功归于她的老师。
△McDeere was now a seasoned veteran in the search of employment．
• in search of：looking for 搜寻，寻找
eg：1．The villagers went everywhere in search of the missing children．
村民到处寻找失踪的小孩。
2．The policemen stopped the ship in search of contraband．
警察让船停止，搜查违禁品。
△And he longed for warmer weather
long for ：desire earnestly 渴望
eg：1．The children are longing for the holiday．
孩子们渴望假期的到来。
2．Every one longed for him to make the final decision．
每个人都渴望他做最后的决定。
△Are you“tired of interviewing?
be tired of：be exhausted with 厌倦
eg：1．The audience are tired of the long lecture．
听众厌倦了冗长的演说。
2．I am tired of doing the same things every day．
我厌倦了每天做同样的事情。
△We are different，and we take Pride in that．
take pride in sb．／sth．：be proud of sb．or sth。 对……感到自豪
eg：1．The parents always take pride in the achievements of their chil—
dren．
家长总是对孩子所取得的成绩感到自豪
2．The teacher took pride in the student because she won the first
prize of the composition contest．
老师对他的学生感到自豪，因为她获得了作文竞赛一等奖。
△So we are small compared with other firms．
compare with ：examine，judge 与•．．．•相比
eg：1．Comparing with your translation，I have to rewrite mine．
与你的翻译相比，我不得不重写我的。
2．Compared with other shirts，this one is more expensive but of
good quality． ，
与其他衬衣相比，这一件贵一些，但质量好。
△He had never met Lamar Quin and had no idea who would appear on be-
half of the firm and conduct the interview．
on behalf of：as the representative Of 代表
eg：1．I came to the meeting on behalf of my colleagues．
我代表我的同事来参加会议。
2．On behalf of the factory，he came to sign contract with us．
他作为工厂的代表来与我们签订合同。
△I can live with all that．
live with：accept and endure 忍受
eg：1．I don’t 1ike the noise here，but l can live with it now．
我不喜欢这儿的噪音，但现在我能忍受了。
2．Can you live with the humid climate here?
你能忍受这潮湿的气候吗?
△They nodded and approved of the question．
approve of：agree，give approval of 赞同，批准
eg：1．The school approved of her application for studying abmad．
学校批准了她出国学习的申请。
2．Most of the congress members approved of this bill．
大多数国会议员赞同这项议案。
△We have something similar to a two-year apprenticeship，
similar to ：like，of the same sort 相似
eg：1．My attitude towards life is similar to yours．
我对生活的态度与你的很相似。
2．Is gold similar to brass in colour ?
金子和黄铜的颜色很相似吗?
△We deal only with people who pay
deal with：do business，have relation with 做生意，解决，处理
eg：1．Did your company deal with foreign firms ?
你们公司与外国公司有生意往来吗?
2．How did you deal with that difficult problem?
你是怎样解决那个难题的?
△They watched him carefully to make sure all of this sunk in．
sink in：go down deep 深入
eg：1．The warnings of the teacher and the parents have sunk in his
mind．
他已经把老师和父母的警告铭记在心。
2．Has the rain water sunk in the ground?
雨水渗入地下了吗?
△．dreaming of a black 318i With a sunroof．
dream of：see in a dream，imagine，suppose 梦到，想象
eg：1．He often dreams of sailing on the sea．
他经常梦见在海上航行。
2．After she went abroad，she always dreamed of home．
她出国后总是梦到家。 下册
lesson 3
Lesson Three What's wrong with our Press?
01) have advantages over... 比……有优势；比……强
02) be used by men as barriers against their wives 被男人们用作隔离妻子的屏障
03) as such 作为这样一个……；这样；因此
04) morning features 指妻子起床后尚未梳妆打扮的面容
05) line something with... 用……作衬垫
06) the other way around 恰好相反
07) little known 鲜为人知
08) a little survey 小调查
09) come in second 居第二位
10) even so 虽然如此
11) ...as against... (和过去情况加以比较)而……是
12) ...be most inclined to... 最倾向于……其意思近似tend to
13) guinea pigs 调查对象
14) ...topped the list 居于首位
15) ...in a big way, too. 幅度也很大
16) as a whole 在整体上；作为整体来谈
17) When I speak of..., I am not speaking of... 当我谈及……时，我并不是说……
18) speak of 谈起，说及
19) ...serve...as models 给……做榜样
20) ...aside from... 除了……
21) ...pass for... 充当…… gain (usually false) recognition as
22) ...get ... over with ... 把……搞清楚
23) commentary on current events 时事评论
24) confine oneself to... 把自己局限在....
25) get into 进入, 陷入, 穿上
26) It is a fact of life. 这是现实生活中的事实。
27) only one side of the issues 仅仅是问题的一面之词
28) not only for... but for... 不仅对...而且对...
29) free enterprise 企业经营自由
30) a balanced and independent opinion 公正独立的见解
31) take precedence over 比……重要，优先于……
32) by and large 大体上，基本上
33) make every effort to do... 尽力做……
34) present somebody with... 给某人提供……
35) do something by doing... 通过做……来做……
36) have one's say 有发言权
37) position on the subject involved 对有关问题的立场
38) a wide range of opinion 各种观点
39) by setting up... 通过安排（邀请）……
40) knock each other down 相互批驳、驳倒
41) cater to... 迎合……；设法适应（……的需要）
42) the lowest instincts of man 人最低级的本能
43) lust for... 贪求……；渴望……
44) appetite for... 欲望
45) take a position 采取立场
46) in the light of... 从……观点看
47) draw its conclusion 得出结论
48) in the form of 以……的形式
49) a handful of 少量，少数（人、物）
50) with the exception of 除去
51) to strengthen this muscle of digestion 加强这种领悟能力
52) a collection of 一些，一批
53) appeal to 引起兴趣
54) in vain 白费力气
55) ...is true of... 也是这个情况
56) rather than 而不是
57) resistance to change 对变化的抵制
58) on the beat 正在……之中
59) ...treat it with the respect it deserves 给与他应有的尊重
60) I am a printed-word woman myself. The Tragedy of Old Age in America
美国老年的悲剧
罗伯特·N·巴特勒
1. come to terms with (para.1)达成协议；妥协；让步；屈服
e.g.①She has come to terms with her fate.
她已听天由命了。
②He managed to come to terms with his illness.
他设法忍住了疾病的痛苦。
2. lull sb. into doing sth. (para.2) 哄骗某人干某事
e.g. His promise lulled her into believing that he loved her very much.
他的诺言哄骗她相信他非常爱她。
类似的词组还有：cheat sb. into doing sth.; persuade sb. into doing sth.
3. inherently (para.5) 本能地；本质上地；固有地；生来就有的
e.g. Man is inherently good.人生来就是好的。
注意与naturally的区别，naturally表示自然地，天然地，如naturally drooping branches 天然下垂的枝条
4. 辨析 conserve / preserve (para.5)
conserve除了有preserve同样的意思“保存”、“储藏”；“保护”，还有“节约”的意思。另外，preserve还可以表示“防腐”。
e.g.①We must conserve our forests if we are to make sure of a future supply of wood.
为了保证未来木材的供应没有问题，我们必须保护森林。
②Salt preserves food from decay.盐能防止食物腐烂。
5. inhospitable (para.6) 冷淡的，不热情的
该词的反义词为hospitable，意思是“热情的”，in为否定前缀。注意否定前缀的规律，il放在l起首的单词，如illegal非法的；im放在以b, m, p起首的单词前，如impossible不可能；ir放在以r起着的单词，如irregular不定期的。
6. deprive...of...(para.8) 剥夺……，使……失去……
e.g.①The people deprived the king of his power.
人民剥夺了那个国王的权力。
②These misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
这些不幸几乎使他失去理智。
7. 辨析untreatable / incurable (para.11)
untreatable:不能治，无法治
e.g. untreatable disease不能治的病
incurable:不能治愈的，无法治好的
e.g. incurable disease 不能治好的病 Lesson Seven Ace in the Hole
埃斯身陷困境
约翰·厄普代克
no sooner...than (para.1)一……就，刚……便〔同〕hardly…
…when, scarcely…when
e.g. The bell had no sooner rang than the students quieted down.
铃声一响，学生们便安静下来。
注意no sooner 置于句首时，主谓倒装，than 导的从句仍为正常语序。该句型中的主句通常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
e.g. No sooner had he arrived than he began to complain.
他一到就开始抱怨。
feel like oneself (para.1) 觉得身体情况正常
e.g. After a rest, he felt like himself.
休息一下后，他感觉一切正常。
keep at (para.8) 坚持（做），使不停地（做）
e.g. He will keep at the job before he can find a better one.
找到一个更好的工作之前他坚持干这份工作。
toss (para.20) 扔，抛，掷
toss和throw意思是一样，只是一般说toss a coin 而不说throw a coin表示“掷钱币猜其落地时是正面还是反面（以决定某事）”。
lay off (para.56)解雇
e.g. That company laid off a part of its workmen.
那家公司把一部分工人解雇了。
另外该词组还有“休息”的意思。
e.g. Let's lay off for a few minutes.
让我们休息几分钟吧。
feed up (para.71)使极其厌烦
e.g. He fed me up with his chatter.
他喋喋不休，使我厌烦极了。
注意该词组常以be fed up with 形式出现，与be very tired of, be bored with 同义。
e.g. I'm fed up with waiting for him.
我等他等得烦死了。
at the sight of (para.90)一见到……，看见……e.g.①He felt sick at sight of blood.他一看见血就觉得恶心.
②At the sight of the police officer the men ran off.
那些人一看见警官就跑开了。 Lesson Twelve The Everlasting Witness
永恒的证据
玛格丽特•谢德
1. dedicated (para.1) 投注全副精神的；热忱的；献身于工作的。
该词的动词dedicate和介词to构成词组，相当于devote to ,表示“致力于；献身于”。
e.g. The doctor dedicated/devoted his life to finding a cure.
这位医生奉献了一生，致力于寻求治疗的方法。
另外，dedicate to 有devote to 没有的另一种意思“题献给某人”。
e.g. He dedicated his first book to his mother.
他把第一本书献给她母亲。
2. on one's feet(para.2)病愈；复原；(经历困境后)恢复
e.g.①She was on her feet after operation.
手术后她复原了。
②get a company on its feet
使公司重新站住脚
3. play up to (para.12) 投……所好，迎合
e.g. play up to the boss 讨好上司
play up to与play up不同，后者表示“渲染，宣扬”。
4. load (para.19) 使负重荷，使受重压
e.g.The city council loaded the community (down) with taxes.
市政会把沉重的赋税压在市民身上。
注意load和burden的区别。虽然burben也可表示“使负重，加负荷于”，但它没有load所具有的“装货”和“大量给予”等意思。
e.g.①load cargoes 装货②load sb.with honours给某人以许多荣誉。
5. hold on to (para.27) 紧紧抓住，握住不放
e.g.Hold on to my hand tightly while we cross the street.
过街时你要抓紧我的手。
该词组还可以表示“坚持(原则、计划等)”。
e.g. You should hold on to your original plan.
你应坚持你当初的计划。
6. grimace (para.28)(表示痛苦、厌恶、不以为然、自鸣得意等)做怪相，做鬼脸；面部扭曲
make a face (或faces)也表示“做鬼脸”，但是由于厌恶、轻蔑、嘲笑而做鬼脸，grimace由于痛苦而面部扭曲这种意思用得较多。
7. pluck at (para.29)拉，拽；拔；扯
e.g.① He plucked at his trouser?knees and sat down.
他拉拉裤膝，坐了下来。
② Rough hands plucked at my jacket.
一双粗糙的手拽着我的上衣。
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