概况精讲----加拿大和新西兰部分

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Canada

Chapter 23 地理与历史

Size and location
1. Canada covers about 2/5 of the North American continent.
2. Canada and the United States share a 6378 kilometre boundary.
3. Nearly 89% of the land has no permanent population.
4. 60% of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the western end of lake Ontario.
5. Toroto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3.4 million.
6. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2.9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver which has a population of over 1.3 million.

Topography
1. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. They are separated by a forested plateau rising from Lakes Superior and Huron.
2. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan, which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.
3. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie ( flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. 2th largset river of orth America. ) and the St. Lawrence.

Geographical regions
1. Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories.
2. Six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian shield, prairie provinces, british Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.
3. Atlantic provinces have made farming difficult. However . potatoes grow well there and are particularly importamt in New Brunswick and Prine Edward Island. Dairing and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region.
4. Newfoundland, one of the word's great fishing grounds.
5. St Lawrence-Great Lakes is most highly developed part of Canada. It is the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada.
6. Ottawa. the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario.
7. Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shied/contians a wealth of minerals, much water power and great forests.
8. Winnipeg is the chief city of the wheat region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg.
9. The province of British columbia: the most important mountain ranges are Rocky Mountains and the Coast mountains.
10. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada.
11. The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four-fifth of the country.

Climate
1. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, canada receives adequent rainfall.
2. A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie.
3. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the south western part of British colombia.
4. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.
5. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.
6. The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.

The making of Canada
1. Jacques Cartier opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers.
2. Quebec Act of 1774 recognized the right of Catholic right.
3. By Act of 1791, Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created.
4. Wilfrid Laurier founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.
5. By Statue of Westminster the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain.
6. In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.
7. The first British settles in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the war of American Independence.
8. In 1867, Canada(Quebec and Ontario), Brunswick, Nova Scotia already controlling their local affairs joined in a "Confederation".
9. During the year 1896-1911, the Liberal Party took over and Canada was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian.
10. Since 1931 Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of nations.
11. With the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.

Chapter 24 经济

Natural Resources
1. The flow of Canadian rivers represents almost one-tenth of the water carried by all the waterways of the world.
2. These waters generate three quarters of all electric power in Canada. Canada ranks third, after the United States and Russia in the production of electricity from water power.
3. Canada has one of the longest coastlines of any country in the world.
4. Canada has become the world's largest exporter of fish and British columbia and the Atlantic provinces depend on the fishing industry for much of their income.
5. Almost half the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third, in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.
6. Most of the trees in this forest belt are softwood trees. Lumbering and the manufacture of pulp and paper products are among Canada's most importamt industries.
7. Canada is the largset producter of newsprint in the world, poviding close to 40% of the world total.
8. A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thirds of Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.

Agriculture
1. On the drier parts of the Prairie, cattle and sheep grazing is an important occupation.
2. Eastern Canada is noted for a varisty of farm products.
3. The Canadian Pacific coast specializes in fruit growing and dairy farming. Fishing and mining are quite important.

Manufacturing
1. Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third.
2. A total of about 4/5 of all foreign investment in Canada are American.

The Economy Today
1. For decades, Canada has been shifting from a natural resource-based economy towards a "white collar" or service economy.
2. Nearly 25% of Canada's GNP comes from manufacturing.
3. Most industries are highly mechanized and capital-intensive.
4. Canada is also one of the worls's most important trading nations. Some 25% of GNP comes from the sale of goods and services aboard. And about 25% of the country's manufactured production is exported.
5. Canada's main trading partner is the United States. Nearly two thirds of Canada's trade is with the United States including exports and imports. Other major trading partners are Japan, Britain, Germany, Venezuela and Italy.
6. The ultimate authority for Canada's fiscal policy is in the hands of the federal, and provincial goverments.
7. 1/3 of all wage-earners belong to a labour union. The three largest are the Canada Union of Public Employees, the United Steelworkers and the Public Service Alliance of Canada. Most than 70% of Union members are affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress.

Chapter 25 政府和政治

The System of Government
1. Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is a federation of 10 provinces and two territories.
2. The provinces received exclusive jurisdiction over education, natural resources, civil rights, municipal government.
3. The tweo levels of government were granted concurrent powers in matters of agriculture, immigration and taxation.
4. The Constitution also comprises fundamental acts, customs and parliamentary traditions of British origin.
5. With the passing of the Constitution Act of 1982, cutting the last legal tie between Canada and Britian, the act and the Contitutional amending power were transferred from the British governemnt to Canada.
6. The Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General who exercises all the special rights of the Canadian Crown is theoretically the source of executive power.
7. Cabinet, or the "Government", is responsible only to the House of Commons.
8. All the legislative powers of the federal administration are vested in the Parlianent of Canada, which consists of the Crown, the senate and the House of Commons.
9. The Senate has 104 members. They are appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
10 The House of commons has 295 members.
11. A Lieutenant-Governor ( appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the fedual Prime Minister) represents the Queen in each province.
12. Every province has an elected Legislative Assembly except in Quebec where it is called the "National Assembly" and in Newfoundland where it is called the "House of Assembly".
13. The territories of Canada, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Goverment and Parliament, but enjoy increasing autonomy and more responsible goverment.
14. Canada law has its source in acts and jucicial decisions, and also in British common law. The province of quebec is an exception, since its system is based on French civil law, particularly in matters concerning the person, the family and property.
15. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada, the Fedural Court and various courts of special jurisdiction.

Chapter 26 社会和文化

Population
1. It ranks second in land area but thirty first in population in the world.
2. Canada is a country with as many as 100 nationalities.
3. The origins of most Canadians are British(44.6%) and French(28.7%).
4. The native people, the Eskimo or Inuit and Indians.
5. Since Confederation in 1867, the popultion of Canadians of other ethnic has increased from 7% to 25%.
6. Most Inuit live in the northern provinces and terrories of Canada.
7. 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, consisiting of 81.9% of that province's population.

Immigration
1. Canada has shifted from free immigration(1867-1898) to selected immigration(1896-1914) and from selected immigration to restricted immigration(1914-1945).
2. The new federal Immigration Act(1978) explicitly affirmed for the first time the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration law: fanily unification, non-discrimination, concern for refugees and the promotion of Canada's econmic,social, demographic and cultural goalds.
3. The new law provides for admissible classes of immigration: the family class, convention refuggees and independent immigrants.
4. Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more "economic " immigrations, including skilled works and business people.

Multiculturalism
1. Canada has a bariety of minority groups who keep distinctive cultural characteristics-the Ukrainian, Italian, Greek and Chinese-communities.
2. Canada's Indians and Inuit comprise less than 2% of the total population, they account for 48% of the population of the North-west Territories.
3. Land rights for the native peoples have become an important issue in Canada.

Urbanization
1. Since Confederation in 1867, the Canadian population has expanded sixfold, but the urban population has increased by 25 times.
2. The three largest cities have over 7.6 million people or almost 30% of Canada's population. The three cities occupy less 1% of Canada's area, but account for 40% of the country's gross national product.
3. The most rapidly expanding cities are Edmonton and Calgary, both in Alberta.
4. Canada's urbanized population ranges from a high of 82% in Ontario to a low of 38% in Prince Edward island.

Religion
1. The three largest churches in Canada- Roman Catholic, United and Anglican.

Education
1. Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to fornmal education.
2. The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City, originally founded in 1663.
3. The largest is the University of Toronto.

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英语国家概况之新西兰地理历史

New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and the South Pole.
新西兰地处南太平洋，位于赤道和南极之间。
The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.It has two main islands:North Island and South Island
新西兰的面积与英国和日本相近。它有2个主要的岛，北岛和南岛
New Zealand is just west of the Internationnal Date Line,so it is the first country to get the new day.
新西兰位于国际日期变更线以西，所以它是世界上第一个迎接新一天到来的国家。
The highest peak is Mt Cook,3764M. Lake Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand
最高的山峰是库克山，海拔3764米。 陶波湖是新西兰最大的湖。
The largest rivers in South Island is the Clutha,and in the North Island is the Waikato and the wanganui.
南岛最大的河流是克鲁沙河，北岛最大的河流有2个，是怀卡托河和黄加雷河。
Earthquakes and volcanoes are the most serious potential natural disasters.
地震和火山是新西兰最严重的自然灾害。
The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the north ti is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South it is almost subarctic.
新西兰的气候总的来说很温和，但由于该国是南北走向，气候变化较大。它的最北部属于亚热带气候，而南岛某些山区属于亚寒带气候
The red pohutukawa called NEw Zealand Christmas tree
红色的波赫塔克瓦被称为新西兰的圣诞树
The kiwi is a national symbol adn New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.
几维鸟被当作是国家的象征，新西兰人也这样称呼自己
The frist European to visit New Zealand in 1642 was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman.
第一个到达新西兰的欧洲人是荷兰的阿贝尔.塔斯曼，1642年。
The frist Englishman to visit New Zealand in 1769 was Captain James COok of the British Royal Navy.
最早到达新西兰的英国人是英国皇家海军的詹姆士.库克船长，1769年。
In 1840 Hobson ,representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi.Modern New Zealand was founded.
1840年第一位总督威廉.赫伯森和毛利酋长签订了《威坦哲条约》，现代新西兰成立了。
The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 has three articles
条约的三条内容
1) the Maori people gave the Queen of england the right to make laws for the country
第一，毛利人把立法权交给英国女王
2)promised the Maori own their lands,forests,and other treasured possessions,if Maori wanted to sell land ,only the Crown had the right to buy。
第二，毛利人拥有自己的土地，森林，渔场，如果毛利人想出售他们的财产，只能卖给英国政府。
3)Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
第三，保证毛利人享有和英国臣民一样的权利
The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.
2月6日是条约签定的纪念日，这一天也就是新西兰的国庆日，是全国性的节日。
In 1893 New Zealand became the first country to give women the vote
1893年，新西兰成为第一个妇女有选举权的国家。
The marae-the meeting house and the land around it-is the focus of Maori community life.
马拉埃--聚会大厅及其周围土地--是毛利人村社生活的中心。